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Monday

The Renaissance

Lesson Objectives:

-Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement.

-City-states were the centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy.

 

Lesson:

  1. PowerPoint presentation: Italian cities, architecture, fountains, piazzas, bronze works, etc... Will use notes from our trip to Italy and scan pictures to compile a power point presentation for students.
  2. Notes, lecture, discussion
    1. Notes-Italian Renaissance-1350-1550-rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, which began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe.
    2. Renaissance characterized by:

-Urban society with a secular viewpoint

-Age of recovery from the disasters of the plague, political instability, a decline in church power.

-A new view of human beings-individual ability-universal man-(Leonardo da Vinci-painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician)

    1. Italian Society:

-Wealthy upper classes-embraced new ideas

-Ordinary people living in cities indirectly impacted because of the churches, wealthy homes, public buildings decorated with art.

d. The Italian States

City-states independent and prospered from flourishing trade. Italian merchants obtained silks, sugar, and spices.

- Milan-Located in Northern Italy at the crossroads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes. Visconti family-Dukes of Milan. The last Visconti ruler died in 1447. Franscisco Sforza then conquered the city and became the new duke. He was the leader of a band of mercenaries-soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder. Both Visconti and Sforza created an efficient tax system that generated enormous revenues for the government.

- Venice-A link between Asia and western Europe, the city drew traders from Venice was a republic with an elected leader called a Doge. In reality a small group of merchant –aristocrats, who had become wealthy through trade ran the government on behalf of their own interests. Trade in Venice-tremendously profitable which made Venice an international power.

- Florence- Republic of Florence dominated region of Tuscany. During the 14 th Century a small, wealthy group of merchants established control of the Florentine government. Florence after a series of wars against their neighbors, became a major city-state. Cosimo de Medici took control of the city and controlled the government from behind the scenes. Using their wealth and personal influence, the Medici’s dominated the city at a time when Florence was the cultural center ofthe city.

e. The Italian Wars

-Attracted by the riches of Italy, French king Charles VIII led an army of 30,000 men into Italy in 1494 and occupied the kingdom of Naples. Northern Italian city-states turned to Spain for help. Spain gladly sent soldiers to Italy and for the next 30 years. The French and the Spanish made Italy their battleground as they fought to dominate the country.

f. Machiavelli

-Wrote The Prince, which is one of the most influential works on political power in the western world. The central thesis concerns how to acquire and keep political power. He felt that political activity should not be restricted by moral principles.

-Book of the Courtier-1528-Describes the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble:

A noble was born, not made.

A noble had to be a warrior, perform military and physical exercises, and gain a classical education.

A noble was to follow a certain standard of conduct.

h. Renaissance Society in a City

Nobility- Held important posts and served as advisors to the King.

Patricians- Trade industry, banking.

Burghers- Shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters.

Workers- Pitiful wages.

i. Family and Marriage

Marriages were arranged to strengthen business and family ties.

Father was the center of the Italian family.

He managed all finances, made the decisions that determined his children’s lives.

A father’s authority over his children was absolute until he died or he formally freed his children.

 

 

Helpful phrases-How are you?-Come sta? Very well-molto bene, I’m sorry-Mi dispiace

 

a. Decide what type of Artisan they would like to be.

b. Decorate their guild shield.

c. Shield should be attractive and colorful

 

Evaluate

Quiz 12-1

Students will be evaluated on their guild shields

 

Content Standards
SS.10.2.3, SS.10.4.1, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13

 

Tuesday

Chapter 12-2-The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

 

Daily Warm Ups- Review Italian Vocabulary Words-Students will number from 1-20 and will copy the Italian words from the board. They will write the English translation beside each Italian word.

 

Lesson Objectives:

-The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism.

-The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.

 

Technology-Overhead projector

Activities

Notes, lecture, discussion,

  1. Notes will focus on:

-Fresco-Painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based-paints, three dimensional (Masaccio)

-Perspective-Organization of outdoor space and light through geometry.

-Human Anatomy and movement-Realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially human nude.

d. Sculpture and Architecture

-Sculpture-Donatello-Copied statues of Greeks and Romans

-Architect-Brunelleschi-Classical columns and rounded arches ( Church of San Lorenzo) provides comfort for human and not divine needs.

e. Masters of the High Renaissance (1490-1520)

-Leonardo da Vinci-Mastered art of realistic painting, dissected human bodies, goal was to create idealized forms that capture the perfection of nature. (Discuss the dissecting room we visited at the University of Bologna)

-Raphael-Admired for his numerous madonnas and frescoes in the Vatican palace ( School of Athens)-balance, harmony and order.

-Michelangelo-Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect.

f. Northern Artistic Renaissance

-Artists of Northern Europe-Interested in portraying their world realistically, but different from Italians. Gothic cathedrals with stained glass windows did not allow for frescoes-illustrations for books and wooden panels for altarpieces.

-Most Important Northern School of Art- Flanders

-Jan van Eyck-Among first to use oil paint-enabled artist to use a wide variety of colors, fine detail. He imitated nature not as the Italians did, but by observing reality and portraying details.

-Albrecht Durer-Did not reject the use of minute details of the Northern Artists. He did try to fit details more harmoniously as the Italians.

  1. Review Questions:

a. Why is Petrarch called the father of the Renaissance humanism?

b. What literary format does Chaucer use to portray English society?

c. How did a humanist education prepare a student for life?

d. How did the Renaissance paintings differ from medieval paintings?

e. Name the three Italian artists most closely associated with the High Renaissance.

f. Why was Jan van Eyck’s use of oil paint significant?

 

  1. Guided Reading 12-2
  2. Expository Writing-Students are to assume the role of an art docent (a person who guides people through museums) Prepare a lecture to be given to a group of students on the works of Jan van Eyck and how they differ from Italian Renaissance paintings.
  3. Guilds-Patrons of the Arts Writing Activity-Guilds were often patrons of the arts. Students are to:
  1. Michaelangelo Hands On Activity (Teacher Created Materials, Inc.)

Painting the Sistine Chapel inside St. Peter’s Basillica. -Pass out handout on Michelangelo’s life and complete the following activity:

  1. Soap Sculpting Activity-Students will be given a bar of soap and a spoon to carve an object of their choice. This will give students a better understanding of sculptors. Students are to:

a. Visualize an object they wish to carve.

Evaluate

Students will be graded on the content of their reports and on their artwork.

 

Content Standards

SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13

 

Wednesday

Bell Ringer

Daily Warm Ups- Review Italian Vocabulary Words-I will give the Italian words and students will give me the translation.

Lesson Objectives:

-The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism. (Renaissance Man-Leonardo da Vinci)

 

Technology

Computers in Library

 

Activities

  1. Leonardo da Vinci
    1. Read p. 388 in textbook.
    2. Leonardo da Vinci’s goal was to create idealized forms that capture the perfection of nature.
    3. Answer questions orally
    4. Tell students about how people living in the city had the ability to voice their concerns about others, but it was something taken very seriously. Tell students about Leonardo da Vinci being accused of a crime. Explain the system of boxes around the city. If the person accused is found innocent, then the accuser must pay the penalty.
  1. Sports Technology Activity-The Renaissance revived the Greek concept that an ideal person participated in a variety of activities, including sports. (Renaissance Man)
    1. Students are to break into groups of two.
    2. Each group is to research and report to the class on one of the following popular Renaissance games or sports: javelin hurling, tennis, chess, archery, fencing, boxing, falconry, hunting, and gambling. Students are to explain how these sports or games resemble or differ from the same activities today.
    3. Students are to write a two-page paper (double spaced, 14 font)
    4. Groups are to illustrate their sport
    5. Groups are to present their sport and demonstrate the skills needed for the game or sport to the class.

 

Evaluate

Students will be graded on the content of their reports and on their presentations.

 

Content Standards

SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13

 

Thursday

Chapter 12-3 The Protestant Reformation

 

Lesson Objectives :

-The main goal of humanism in northern Europe was to reform Christendom.

Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism.

 

Daily Warm Ups- Review Italian Vocabulary Words-I will give the Italian words and students will give me the translation.

 

Lesson:

  1. Group presentations from Wednesday
  2. Notes, lecture, discussion.

Notes will focus on: The Protestant Reformation-Name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups.

    1. Erasmus and Christian Humanism-Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than provided a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved. (To Erasmus, pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were not all that important) He wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, provide an education in the works of Christianity, and criticize the abuses in the Church. In his book the Praise of Folly, he humorously criticized aspects of his society he believed were most in need of reformed. He did not want to break away form the Church. However, his ideas did prepare the way for the Reformation.
    2. Religion on the Eve of the Reformation

Erasmus and others were calling for reform because of the corruption in the Catholic Church. Renaissance popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs:

  1. Guided Reading 12-3
  2. Persuasive Writing-Martin Luther’s father wanted him to become a lawyer. Write a one-page letter in which Martin Luther tries to convince his father that the path he chose was better than the law.
  3. Italian Vocabulary Group Work-Students will work in groups of two and will quiz each other on the Italian Vocabulary Words.

 

Evaluate

Quiz 12-3

 

Content Standards
SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13, SS.10.5.16

 

Friday-

Chapter 12-4-The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

 

Daily Warm Ups- Review Italian Vocabulary Words-I will give the Italian words and students will give me the translation.

 

Lesson Objectives:

-Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread.

-The Catholic Church underwent a religious birth.

 

Technology-Overhead projector

 

Activities

Notes, lecture, discussion, review questions

Notes will focus on: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

    1. The Zwinglian Reformation-Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich Switzerland. He began to introduce religious reforms. Relics and images were abolished. All paintings and decorations were removed from all the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisted of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass. As his movement began to spread to other cities in Switzerland, he sought an alliance with Martin Luther and the German reformers. Both German and Swiss reformers saw the need to unify themselves against Catholic authorities, but could not agree on the meaning of Communion. In 1531 war broke out between in Switzerland between Protestants and Catholics. Zwingli was killed on the battle field and the leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland was passed on to John Calvin
    2. Calvin and Calvinism-Calvin was from France. He converted to Protestantism and was forced to flee France for the safety of Switzerland. In 1536, he published the Institutes of the Christian religion. This work gave him the reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. Calvin believed in the doctrine of justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieved salvation. He also believed in predestination-God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. This belief in predestination gave later Calvinists the firm conviction that they were doing God’ work on earth and this in turn made them determined to spread their faith to other people. In 1536, Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva. He created a church government that used by clergy and laity in the service of the church. The Consistory, a special body for enforcing moral discipline, was set up as a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. The Consistory had the right to punish people for such varied crimes as: dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards. By the mid sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism.
    3. The Reformation in England-The English Reformation was rooted in politics not religion. King Henry the VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she had not produced a male heir. Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. Impatient with the pope’s unwillingness to annul his marriage, Henry turned to England’s own church courts. As the archbishop of Canterbury, head of the highest church court in England, Thomas Cranmer ruled in 1533 that the king’s marriage to Catherine was “null and void”. In 1534, at Henry’s request, Parliament moved to finalize the break of the Catholic Church in England with the Pope in Rome. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 gave the King control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. Henry used his new powers to dissolve the monasteries and sell their land and possessions to wealthy landowners and merchants. The king received a boost to his treasury and a group of supporters had a stake in the new order. Henry, in the matters of doctrine, stayed close to the Catholic teachings. After Henry’s death, his sickly nine-year old-Edward reigned. During Edward’s reign, church officials moved the Church of England (Anglican) church in the Protestant direction. The clergy had the right to marry and created a new Protestant church service. When Mary came to the throne in 1533, she was catholic and wanted to restore England to Catholicism. She went about this in the wrong way. She had more than 300 Protestants burned at the stake as heretics-“Bloody Mary”- England became even more Protestant by the end of her reign.
    4. Anabaptists-Radicals that did not like giving the state a large role in religious affairs. They believed that the church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone a spiritual rebirth and then had been baptized. They also believed that all believers to be equal (New Testament). Each Anabaptist church chose its own minister. Any member of the community could be a minister. (women often excluded) They believed in complete separation of church and state. They refused to hold office or bear arms. (Thou shall not kill) The Anabaptists were considered dangerous radicals. The Anabaptists were persecuted by both protestants and catholics. Menno Simmons-popular leader of Anabaptism-his followers-Mennonites. In 1690’s Jacob Ammann –Leader of a group of Swiss Mennonites-Followers were known as Amish. Amish today continue to maintain the Anabaptist way of life as it first developed in the sixteenth century. They live simple lives and refuse to use any modern devices, such as cars and electricity.
    5. Effects on the Role of Women-Protestants were important in developing a new view of the family. The family was placed at the center of human life. Husband was ruler and wife was obedient servant and to bear children. Family life was the only destiny for most Protestant women. The Protestant Reformation did not change women’s subordinate place in society.
    6. Catholic Reformation-The Catholic Church had revitalization in the Sixteenth Century. Catholic Reformation was supported by three chief pillars:

1.The Jesuits (Jesuit missionaries were very successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe and in spreading it to other parts of the world.) The Jesuits used education to spread their message.

2. Reform of the papacy-(Attempted to reform the corrupt policies of the popes.)

3. Council of Trent-Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs-Both faith and good works necessary for salvation, the seven sacraments, the Catholic view of the Eucharist, and clerical celibacy were upheld, belief in purgatory and the use of indulgences was strengthened, although the sale of indulgences was forbidden. After the council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church possessed a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the supreme leadership of the pope.

  1. Review Questions:
    1. What religious reforms were introduced in Zurich?
    2. How did the Consistory enforce moral discipline in Geneva
    3. Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?
    4. Why were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political radicals?
    5. What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on women?
    6. What was the relationship between the Jesuits and the pope?
  2. Guided Reading 12-4
  3. Expository Writing-Compose an unbiased account of the Council of Trent. Include who was involved, why it was convened, when it happened, and its final results.
  4. Technology Activity-Organize the class into five groups. Using the map on page 399, have one group create a large map showing the distribution of religions in Europe after the Council of Trent. The second group will research the Index of Forbidden Books and make a list of well-known authors and books that were on the list for years. The third group will research the Inquisition and make a drawing of the trials and punishments. The fourth group will make an illustrated list of the main outcomes of the Council of Trent. The fifth group is to make a large world map showing the areas of Jesuit missionary activities. Students are reminded to use library resources when needed. Students will display their work on the Catholic Reformation on the bulletin board for display.
  5. Italian Vocabulary Group Work-Students will work in groups of two and will quiz each other on the Italian Vocabulary Words.

 

Evaluate

Students will be evaluated on their participation

 

Content Standards

SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13, SS.10.5.16

 

Monday-

Chapter 12 Review

 

Daily Warm Ups-Review Italian Vocabulary Words For Quiz

 

Chapter Objectives

-Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement.

-City-states were the centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy.

-The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism.

-The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.

 

-The main goal of humanism in northern Europe was to reform Christendom.

Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism.

-Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread.

-The Catholic Church underwent a religious birth.

 

Activities

Matching Quiz on Italian Vocabulary

 

Evaluate

Students will be evaluated on their participation

 

Content Standards

SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13, SS.10.5.16

 

Tuesday-

Chapter 12 Review

 

Daily Warm Ups-Review For Renaissance/Reformation Test

 

Chapter Objectives-Students to gain mastery on objectives covered in Chapter 12:

-Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement.

-City-states were the centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy.

-The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism.

-The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.

 

-The main goal of humanism in northern Europe was to reform Christendom.

Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism.

-Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread.

-The Catholic Church underwent a religious birth.

 

Activities

Quick Review for Test

Renaissance/Reformation Test

Evaluate

Renaissance/Reformation Test

 

Content Standards

SS.10.2.3, SS.10.5.1, SS.10.5.13, SS.10.5.16

 

Resources

Teacher Created Materials, Inc. #4455 Renaissance

2003, World History, Chapter 12 p.372-403., Glencoe Mc Graw-Hill