BRAZIL
TEACHING MODULE
This document is a teaching module which is designed as an independent or a free standing unit in a graduate class in the geography of Latin America. It is designed to be used in a graduate level course but could be developed in an undergraduate course if certain modifications were introduced. The module is a product of personal research, past experience, but primarily an outgrowth of one month of travel in the country of Brazil which was provided by FACDIS, Faculty and Course Development in International Studies, at West Virginia University.
This module will be used and incorporated with a course at Marshall University, Geography of Latin America, 604. The course is a combination of both a regional survey and a systematic (topical) approach with emphasis on the systematic. This newly designed module can easily be adapted to the course since Mexico and Brazil are the two focal states that are emphasized.
The module could be adjusted or modified and used at Marshall University in an undergraduate course, Latin America: Independence to the Present (history) and a graduate course, Latin America Politics (political science). The module also has possibilities of being presented to independent groups or organizations who have a cultural, economic, or environmental interest in Brazil.
The following material is a three week substantive lesson plan containing both content and method outlines. Each topic is designed to be about 60 minutes in length.
BRAZIL
Topical Outline
I. Physical Environment
II. Colonial Geography
III. Modern Agriculture
IV Population Characteristics
V. Industrial Development and Transportation
VI. Urbanization
VII. Development and Health
VIII. Environmental Issues
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session I - 60 minutes
Physical Environment
Content Outline
I. Introduction and Overview
II. Physiography
III. Climatic Types, Distribution, and Processes
IV. Hydrology
V. Soil
VI. Vegetation Associations
Method Outline
Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION:
General overview of the physical aspects of the country
General climatic characteristics
Brief discussion of the hydrology
Brief discussion of soil types and natural vegetation
II. Physiography. DISCUSSION:
Guiana Highlands Brazilian Plateau
Amazon Basin Atlantic Coastal Plain
III. Climatic Types, Distribution, and Processes. DISCUSSION:
Identify and characterize the four major climatic types using prepared climatic map
Temperature and precipitation data will be determined for each climatic type
Assigned reading: "Amazon Deforestation and Climatic Change," SCIENCE 247 (1990): 1322
IV. Hydrology. DISCUSSION:
Major drainage networks identified: Amazon, Sao Francisco, and Parana
Water levels and seasonal fluctuation
Personal slides illustrating the mid-Amazon River as time permits
V. Soil Characteristics. DISCUSSION:
Relationships between soil, water, landforms, and vegetation.
Soil forming processes, classification, and types.
Illustrate Brazilian soils using prepared map.
VI. Natural Vegetation. DISCUSSION:
Two major associations - tropical rainforest and grasslands
Relationships between forest and human activities in Brazil
Personal slides of tropical rainforest near Manaus
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session II - 60 minutes
Aboriginal and Colonial Geography
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview.
II. Aboriginal Settlement and Agriculture
Non agricultural patterns
Agriculture patterns
III. Colonial Settlement Patterns
IV. Colonial Economy
Mining
Agriculture
Sugar industry
Coffee industry
Cattle industry
Transportation
Method Outline
Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION:
Aboriginal background essential to understanding colonial development
Aboriginal element in the northeast
II. Aboriginal Agriculture. DISCUSSION:
Hunting and gathering especially in southeast of the country
Crude agriculture especially in the Amazon basin
Focus on Bororo' and Ge on Brazilian plateau
Brief discussion on slash and burn economy
Assign reading: Carneiro, R. L. "Slash and Burn Cultivation Among the Kuikuru and its Implications for Cultural Development in the Amazon Basin." In TheEvolution of Horticultural Systems in South America: Causes and Consequences, 1961.
III. Colonial Settlement Patterns. DISCUSSION:
Early 1500 feitorias in northeast Brazil
Sugar colonies in the northeast
Focus on Sao Viciente, Salvador, Reconcavo, Olinda/Pernambuco
Atlantic rainforest destruction
Sao Francisco basin settlement
Mission settlements among Tupi, Guarani, and Amazon Indians
Other diffusional routes using a prepared map
African slaves in the northeast
Focus on population totals in 1850
IV. Colonial Economy
Commodities for export: sugar, coffee, cattle, (each topic addressed according to location, methodology and trade)
Evolution of internal transportation
Assigned readings: "Cattle Industry in Colonial Brazil,"Mid-America, 31, 1949,
p. 219-47 and J. H. Galloway, The Sugar Cane Industry, AHistoricalGeography to 1914, 1989.
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session III - 60 minutes
Modern Agriculture
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Enclave Agriculture Economics
Haciendas
Estancias
Plantations
III. Smallholder Agriculture
Slash and burn
Peasant agriculture
IV. Modern Commercial Agriculture
Modern methods
Green Revolution
Method Outline
Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION
Modern commercial sugar plantations
Introduction of cotton and coffee
Latifundia and minifundia
Economic depression in the northeast and Sertao drought
II. Enclave Agricultural Economics. DISCUSSION
Largeholder agriculture: describe hacienda and hidalgo and estancia, especially in the south
Plantation - three phases: family owned estates along the coast, neoplantation based on shipping companies, and transnational corporations
Plantation evolution and structure
III. Smallholder Agriculture. DISCUSSION
Slash and burn (roxa/chacra): crop activity, movement, housing
Differences between slash and burn and peasant agriculture
Peasant agriculture characteristics: methodology, crops and economics
IV. Modern Commercial Agriculture. DISCUSSION
Mechanization and large scale irrigation
Chemical fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, hybrid seed
Green Revolution, grassification, agroforestry
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session IV - 60 minutes
Population Characteristics
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Native Brazilians
III. Transplanted Peoples
Iberians
Other Europeans
Africans
Japanese
IV. Demographic Statistics
Method Outline
I. Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION:
Early human life, 10,000 b.p. And human practices
Categories of early people: hunters and gathers, agricultural villagers, chiefdoms in Amazon Basin
II. Native Brazilians. DISCUSSION:
Tribal groups such as Ge and Tupi-Guarani on Brazilian shield and Amazon basin
Agricultural villagers domesticated plants and practiced hunting and gathering
Chiefdoms located primarily in Amazon basin, further archaeological study continues
III. Transplanted Peoples. DISCUSSION:
Iberians and transplanted culture
Africans and transplanted culture
Other Europeans and transplanted culture, totals, location
Japanese and transplanted culture, totals and location
Racial mixtures
IV. Demographic Statistics. DISCUSSION
Birth rates Infant mortality rate
Death rates Crude birth and death rate
Growth rate Other vital statistics
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session V - 60 minutes
Industrial Development
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Mining
III. Manufacturing
IV. Hydroelectric Power Development
IV. Modern Transportation
Method Outline
I Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION
Size and characteristics of Brazilian economy
1980 economic surge
Major economic players
II. Mining. DISCUSSION:
Gold and diamonds Manganese
Mercury Bauxite
Tin Petroleum
Iron
Maps, charts and statistics to accompany mining
III. Manufacturing. DISCUSSION
Concentration on Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro Triangle: heavy industry, automobile, aircraft, textiles, food, steel, chemicals, petroleum, footwear
Auto industry focus on ABC cities
Specific auto statistics
Assigned reading: W. Dean, Industrialization of SaoPaulo Since 1888, Univ of Texas Press.
IV. Hydroelectric Power Development. DISCUSSION
Distribution of dams
National grid system
Focus on Itaipu, Paulo Afonso and Itaparica
Transportation. DISCUSSION:
Railroad development and expansion from major coastal cities to hinterlands
TransAmazon Highway and colonization projects
Belem-Brasilia Highway
Air transport, evolution of VARIG maps and charts to accompany transportation segment
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Session VI - 60 minutes
Urbanization
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Early Portuguese Settlements
Character
Morphology
Functions: trade centers, administrative centers, religious centers
III. Modern Cities and characteristics
Ecological structure
Environmental problems
Modern morphology
IV. Brazilian Urban Systems
Major cities
Modern functions
Method Outline
Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION:
Brazil is both highly urbanized and rural
Several megacities and numerous villages and towns
Colonial settlement patterns
Evolution of modern cities
Expansion of agrarian frontier
II. Early Portuguese Settlements. DISCUSSION
Sugar settlements: Reconcavo, Salvador, Pernambuco
Religious centers: in Soa Francisco basin and Sao Paulo
Trade centers, internal morphology
III. Modern Cities and Characteristics. DISCUSSION
Ecological structure
Decadent core areas, poor neighborhoods
Milton Santos (geographer): upper/lower circuits
Favelas, marginal shantytowns characteristics
Environmental problems
sprawl, air, water, sewage disposal, noise, flooding
Planned cities-Belo Horizonte, Goiania, Brasilia
Structure: freeways, shopping centers, suburbs, recreation
IV. Brazilian Urban System. DISCUSSION
Sao Paulo - primate city, industrial development, economic significance
Brasilia - administrative capital
Rio de Janeiro - traditional cultural and political trend setter
Salvador - traditional sugar producing area, Afro-Brazilian cultural center
Belo Horizonte - part of industrial triangle
Recife - agrarian center of northeast Brazil
Puerto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Curitiba - agricultural centers of southeast Brazil
Belem, Manaus - Amazon basin centers
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Development and Health - 60 minutes
Session VII
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Human Development Index
III. Major Economic Problems
IV. Lost and Found Decades
Health and Nutrition
Method Outline
Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION
Examination of key economic indicators
Per capita economic output
Per capita gross product
Per capita caloric consumption, housing, education achievements
II. Human Development Index (HDI). DISCUSSION:
Brazil in comparison to other selected South American countries
Brazil in comparison to other selected Middle American countries
III. Major Economic Problems. DISCUSSION:
Maldistribution of wealth Foreign debt
Land tenure problems Inflation
Underemployment Currency devaluation
IV. Lost and Found Decades Since the 1970s. DISCUSSION
MERCOSUR
Players
Cardoso policies
Role of NGOs
Health and Nutrition Development. DISCUSSION
Life expectancy
Birth, death, infant mortality rates
Untreated sewage problems
Undernourishment and malnourishment
Access to health care
Brazil
Lesson Plan
Environmental Issues
Session VIII - 60 minutes
Content Outline
Introduction and Overview
II. Deforestation and Habitat Destruction
III. Climatic Impacts of Deforestation
IV. Species Extinction
Soil Depletion and Erosion
VI. Environmental Pollution
Method Outline
I. Introduction and Overview. DISCUSSION:
1992 Rio de Janeiro Conference Highlights
Historical degradation of Brazilian environment
Introduction of Portuguese destructive environmental technologies
Modern environmental destruction
II. Deforestation and Habitat Destruction
Amazon is largest expanse of rainforest in world
Causes of deforestation: agriculture, ranching, settlement
Destruction or development?
Annual destruction
Methods of destruction
III. Climatic Impacts of Deforestation
Global warming or planetary cooling?
Precipitation variation
Local climatic implications
IV. Species Extinction
Vertebrate destruction
Plant species, especially medicinal plants
Environmental Pollution
Mercury pollution in Amazon basin
Surface and groundwater pollution
Air pollution in rural areas (forest burning smoke)
Soil erosion and depletion
NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION
In the discipline of geography, the field experience is one of the most important aspects of learning. One can talk and discuss matters pertaining to places and even provide visuals but nothing can take the place of actually experiencing an on site visit to fully learn about a location.
One of my teaching responsibilities is an upper division course in the geography of Latin America which obviously includes the country of Brazil. Never having had the privilege of visiting that country, this trip was one of the most rewarding experiences of my life, one in which I will never forget. The visit allowed our group to witness a variety of physical, and cultural experiences all of which were rewarding to me. Since there were a variety of scholarly disciplines represented in the group, each person obviously experienced lectures, presentations, and destinations differently. The mere fact of spending an average of five days in six cities provided me with a knowledge of Brazilian urban and environmental geography that I could not have obtained otherwise.
Several presentations, lectures, and field trips in Brazil were very impressive and provided me with a wealth of information that will be valuable in my upper division Latin American geography class. In this narrative description I will concentrate on two topics that will be useful in my Latin American geography course, urban impressions of Brazil and environmental insights, problems and solutions.
In each of the six cities that our group visited, there was an urban tour usually at the beginning of the stay. Our tour directors were well-informed about the history and development of their cities, especially Sao Paulo, Recife, Brasilia, and Curitiba. Each city seemed to represent a particular region of the country and each city was unique in its own cultural setting. Sao Paulo, the industrial center of the south; Recife/Olinda, the historical but economically depressed northeast; Manaus, the Amazon rainforest capital; Brasilia, the new national capital; Curitiba, with its European cultural flavor; and of course, Rio de Janeiro, the playground city of the country. The choice of urban visitations for this project could not have been better for me as a geographer.
Sao Paulo. This city, what may well be the third largest in the world, to me was by far the most impressive. In one day, Sunday, June 6, 1998, I learned a vast amount of urban geography through an interurban tour led by Caio Cardoso. A visit to the Popular Cultural Museum on the southside of the city provided an enlightening overview of specific cultural characteristics of several areas of the country: dolls from the northeast, stuffed animal from the Amazon, religious artifacts from the south and many other examples.
A view from the top floor of the Edifico Italia allowed the group to witness a spectacular and breathtaking view of the skyline of the city. Afterwards a walking tour through the old part of the city took us through a variety of interesting locations including an outdoor Pentecostal service
on a small plaza, an open door Catholic service, and a mini mall street sale event.
The following day a visit to the Cingapura Housing Project which allowed the group the see modern public housing project and an adjacent sizeable favela. We learned that 20 per cent of the people of Sao Paulo live in substandard housing, that there are serious water and sewage problems, and that discrimination existed in jobs, schools and services in the favelas. A visit to the Upper Tiete Water Supply System illustrated a positive move to help improve the city's water supply. A presentation by SEMA provided in depth information on favelas and other topics regarding the natural resources, urban land use, airports, marinas, forestry, and parks.
The following day a meeting was held by the Instituto Polis on environmental policies and political and cultural aspects of the quality of urban life with emphasis on the city of Sao Paulo. This session was one of the most impressive and complete presentations of the entire trip and established a standard for future presentations in other cities. Topics included the urban environmental issues, waste management, urban development, GIS, assessment of citizenship, urban violence and national poverty. It was brought out that beginning in the 1970s, NGOs began action toward environmental issues. In the 1980's more social agencies began looking seriously at national environmental problems in the Amazon and Atlantic rainforest destruction, the Serrada, wetlands, and the Mato Grosso.
Recife. The presentations in this city provided a somewhat different approach to urban geography than Sao Paulo. A much smaller city (1.5 million pop.), Recife is situated in a poverty area in the state of Pernambuco, where water, sewage, sanitary services, illiteracy, and crime are outstanding problems. A meeting with SECTMA, a science and technology agency, provided information on typical topics that would developed later in other cities: economic development and the environment, planning and urban development, State and National government environmental responsibilities, and local agricultural resources. A hydrologist provided very detailed and interesting information on surface and ground water supplies and problems of the subhumid areas of the Northeast.
In addition to urban problems in the Northeast, economic and other environmental problems were discussed, such as mining, cattle ranching, and other agricultural activities in Pernambuco and surrounding states. Climatically, the Northeast is a very sensitive region climatically and the environment is in constant need of attention. Numerous water basin projects have been developed with financial and technical assistance from the United Kingdom and Germany.
Rural problems include the fact that 60 per cent of workers in Pernambuco are engaged in agriculture (sugar), and overall environmental research in the area is very weak. Pesticides are being used extensively on fruits and vegetables, especially those that are marketed abroad and soil erosion continues.
Development in the Northeast focuses on tourism, reforestation, aquaculture, dam construction, and environmental education. A visit to the Projeto Mata Atlantica and the Charles Darwin Park provided an opportunity to observe a variety of scientific and technical experiments
that are being undertaken for the Northeast.
Manaus. In the heart of the Brazilian Amazon lies the city of Manaus, a free trade zone, which provided still another different urban geographical concept. Located practically on the equator, the city is hot and humid but environmentally interesting and much different than Recife and Sao Paulo. Formerly a rubber center, Manaus now produces lumber, tropical fruits and vegetables, and of course a myriad of electronic goods that flow out of the city and the country. IBAMBA, the environmental custodian, is somewhat weak in the Manaus area where the concept of "cut out and get out"prevails in the jungle. Burning is a serious environmental problem and the 1997-98 El Nino year has played havoc with the landscape around the city.
SIVAM, System of Vigilance of the Amazon, is a $2.5 billion dollar government agency that surveys everything in the Amazon basin including all aspects of the atmosphere and surface activities. A slide presentation given by INPA, part of the Ministry of Science and Technology, offered an outstanding demonstration of development and trends in the Amazon from micro climatic changes to long range climatic projections for northern South America.
One of the major highlights of the trip was a six mile walk through the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve. For some, this was the first time in a rainforest. Another highlight was a boat trip up the Rio Negro during flood conditions. Small farms, cattle, small settlements, little churches, banana trees, sloths, boa constrictors, and a typical afternoon Amazon heavy shower were all part of this field experience.
Brasilia. The national capital is situated in the Federal District and is a new city 650 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro. Once again, a city tour was provided upon arrival as was the pattern for the entire trip. A visit to a catholic mass at one of the country's prominent modern cathedrals, the Presidential palace, and the Brazilian Pentagon Building were just a few important stops on the urban tour. The Fulbright office provided an overview of higher education in Brazil and the role it plays in Brazilian-American educational affairs. Needless to say, this topic was of interest to the group.
A meeting with staff members from the House of Representatives, primarily lawyers and engineers who interpret laws regarding the environment, proved most interesting. These people conduct weekly public hearings on environmental problems, consumer protection, forest, and water management, air quality and favela problems. A meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs focused on Brazilian foreign policy, Brazilian democracy, human rights, minorities, the economy, and tourism. On other topics, the Minister discussed both private and multinational enterprises, the 1994 Real Plan, 1990 inflation, and Constitutional changes. From a political geography standpoint these topics caught my attention.
A complete presentation about the evolution of MERCOSUL from a Brazilian perspective was discussed at length. It was illustrated exactly how the barriers to the free movement of goods, services, and labor would develop. When fully operational after 2002, 200,000,000 people with a combined economic gross product of more than $800 billion dollars would be involved in the project. Other topics of interest in Brasilia regarding the environment were Licensing System of Pollution and the stages of implementation, environmental crime and punishment, and deforestation in the Amazon.
Curitiba. Cutitiba is the capital of Parana, a university city, and an excellent example of a city with extensive urban planning. Historic preservation is extremely active in the city. Favelas make up only two per cent of the urban area and favela occupants represent only 10 percent of the urban population. Urban development began in the 1940s and has continued to the present. Curitiba is the urban model of Brazil, if not all of Latin America. It is an agricultural center with a definite European flavor in its population and urban structure. Modern buildings in the CBD exist beside older European structures. Cobblestone streets are walkways in parts of the downtown. In 1960 a new design was implemented in the city and since then the city has become the showplace of Brazil. It was mentioned that planners from all over the world come to study the urban planning of the metro area, especially from Europe, Asia, and Canada.. Green belts and park are widely dispersed throughout the city. Shopping is both clustered in the downtown and in the suburbs.
The Curitiba Urban Transportation System is a model for all of Latin America. More than 7,500 people or 3.2 per cent of the urban labor force is employed in public transportation. In the 1960s, the National Sanitation Plan was implemented and the city took advantage of federal funding and developed water treatment plants and clean water systems. Solid waste collection became citywide and more recently the Garbage Buying Program, which we were privileged to observe, was initiated.
The Independent University for Environmental Studies provides a five day program for the general public, taxi drivers, tourist officials, public relations people, and hotel workers. The group was privileged to visit a model elementary school where environmental education was a part of the curriculum.
An urban tour of the city provided a variety of highlights such as the above mentioned school, urban parks, a city auditorium built on a rock quarry site, a refuse reutilization unit, and the Municipal Botanical Herbarium. A 2 ½ hour field trip by train from Curtuiba to Merretes provided a visit through the Mata Atlantica to get another visit to the tropical rainforest.
Rio de Janeiro. This metropolis is an urban geographer's dream to visit for it truly is one of the world' most beautiful. The beauty comes from its natural tropical environment where mountains, forests, lagoons, vegetation and the South Atlantic blend to form a dramatic backdrop.
Corcovado Mountain, with its statue of Christ the Redeemer, dominates much of the Carioca skyline. Soaring 2,300 feet above the city is Sugar Loaf Mountain is equally as impressive.
One of the first and most inspiring presentations in Rio was provided by representives of the Secretaria de Estado de Obras e Servicos Publicos (SOSP). The presentation, very detailed and enlightening, dealt with depollution and recovery of Guanabara Bay and adjacent areas of the city. Discussion focused on how the city would proceed to improve the quality of life of inhabitants of the area. It would come about through reducing pollution levels in the Bay by improving sanitary conditions of the contributing basins and implementing sewage collection and treatment works. The project cost will amount to $500 million dollars.
Rio de Janeiro state and city have many environmental problems. For example, the Bay area has 14,000 industrial establishments, 8 million people, 16 terminals, and two petroleum refineries. Only 40 per cent of the population has proper sewage disposal, sewage from the remainder of the population is sent to the ocean. According to presentation, every kind of environmental problem known, air water, soil, and noise, exist in both the city and the state.
Most of the presentations in Rio were environmentally focused. Only a few pertained to development. It was learned that numerous studies were underway to investigate historic preservation, economic development in both the inner city and suburbs, housing, transportation, and tourism, a major income for both the city and state. NGOs are hard at work in the city investigating problems of favelas, sewage, mud slides, and economic inequalities.
Internet Teaching Resources
Association of American Geographers www.aag.org
Washington, D. C.
National Council for Geogr. Education http://multimedia2.
freas.fsu.edu/ncge
National Geographic Society
Washington, D. C. www.ngs.org
Embassy of Brazil
Washington, D. C. Brasil.emb.nw.dc.us
InfoNation (global statistics) www.un.org/pubs/
cyberschoolbus/infonation
Environment 97 www.environment97.org
ClimateWatcher www.covis.nwu.edu/scivz/
worldwatcher.html
Rainforest Action Network www.globalexchange.org
Agenda21 www.redeh@ax.apc.org
IBAM
Inst. Brasileiro de Adm.Municipal ibam@org.br
NOAA (international weather/
climate rtn@joss.ucar.edu
US Dept.of State Geographic
Learning Site acldillo@us-state.osis.gov
Sustainable Development www.world bank.org
Geography Discipline Network http://www.chelt.ac.uk.gdn
GIGI (Geogr.Inquiry into Global Issues) hhtp://www.ebec.com
World Resources Inst.( Env. Educ.) www.wri.org/wri/enved/
United Nations System www.unsystem.org
UN Development Prog. (UNDP) www.undp.org
UN Environmental Program (UNEP) www.unchs.unon.org
Econ Develop. - Sao Paulo www.cetesb.com.br
Global Links www.prb.org/prb
IDB
Inter-Amer. Dev. Bank editor@iadb.org
US Agency for International Dev. www.info.usaid.gov
US Dept. Of State (Hot Topics) www.state.gov/index.html/
World Health Org. www.who.ch
World Trade Org. www.wto.org
South American Cybertour www.wp.com/virtualvoyager
(any country in S A)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
James, Preston E. Latin America. New York: Odyssey Press,1942.
Robinson. Harry. Latin America: A Geographical Survey. New York: Praeger, 1967.
Caviedes, Caesar, and Gregory Knapp. South America. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1995.
Clawson, Davis L. Latin America and the Caribbean. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1997.
Preston, David, ed. Latin American Development: Geographical Perspectives. London: Longman, 1996.
Blouet, B. W. And O. M. Blouet. Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997.
Page, J. A. The Brazilians. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1995.
Dean, Warren. With Broadax and Firebrand. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
Baer, W. The Brazilian Economy. New York: Praeger, 1989.
Dean, Warren. The Industrialization of Sao Paulo, 1880-1945. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969.
Dickinson, R. E. The Geophysiology of Amazonia. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1987.
Hall, A. L. Developing Amazonia. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1989.
Prince, G. T., and T. E. Lovejoy. Amazonia. New York: Pergamon, 1984.
Becker, B. K. and Claudio Egler. Brazil: A New Regional Power in the World Economy - A Regional Geography. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Dickenson, John B. Brazil. London: Longman, 1983.
Goulding, Michael. Floods of Fortune: Ecology and Economy Along the Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
James, Preston, and Clarence Minkel. Latin America. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 5th ed. Revised, 1986.
JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS
Stewart, Douglas. "Survey of Brazil: The Blessed and the Cursed," The Economist, December 7, 1991, Special Insert: 3-22.
Godfrey, B. J. "Boom Towns of the Amazon." Geographical Review 80 (1990): 103-117.
"Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change." Science 247 (1990): 1322.
Colchester, M. "The Successful Fight of the Amazon Indians to Ban Brazilian Dam Projects." Geographical Magazine. XLI ( June 1989): 16-22.
Fearnside, P. M. "Brazil's Amazon Forest and the Global Carbon Problem." Interciencia 10 (1985):179-186.
Maxwell, K. "The Tragedy of the Amazon." The New York Times (March 7, 1991): np.
Roberts, J. T. "Squatters and Urban Growth in Amazonia." Geographical Review 82 (1992): 441-457.
Schemo, D. J. "Amazon is Burning Again, as Furiously as Ever." The New York Times, October 12, 1995.
Cole, M. M. "Cerrado, Caatinga and Pentanal: The Distribution and Origin of the Savanna Vegetation of Brazil." Geographical Journal. 126 (1960): 168-179.
Dayrell de Lima, Antonio A. "Environment and Globalization: A Brazilian View." Brazilian Embassy, September 18, 1997.
Morell, Virginia. "On the Origin of Amazonian Species." Discover. April 1997. pp. 596-667.
Inter-American Development Bank. "Curitiba Urban Transport System." July 26, 1995, pp. 1-5.
La Franchi, H. "Spare the Ax, Spoil the Amazon." Christian Science Monitor, May 14 1997, pp. 8-11.
La Franchi, H. "S. America's Sleeping Giant Opens One Eye to the World," Christian Science Monitor, April 11.1997, pp. 9-11.
"Amazon Burning Worst in Memory," Christian Science Monitor, October 12, 1997, p. 7.
Lewan, Todd. "Ecologist Trying to Restore the Dwindled Atlantic Forest," Associated Press Release, September 12, 1997.
Sao Paulo Stock Exchange, The Brazilian Economy: Basic Microeconomic Data, 1997.
Telles, E. E. "Residential Segregation by Skin Color in Brazil." American Sociological Review 57: p-197.
DeWitt, John. "Sugar Cane Cultivation and Rural Misery: Northeast Brazil." Journal of Cultural Geography 9:(2) 1989, 31-39.
Foresta, R. A. "Amazonia and the Politics of Geopolitics." Geographical Review, 82 (1992): 128-142.
Haller, A. O. "A Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil." Geographical Review, 72 (1982): 450-464.
Voeks, R.A. "Sacred Leaves of Brazilian Candomble," Geographical Review, 83 (1990): 118-131.
Godfrey, B. J. "Modernizing the Brazilian City," Geographical Review, 81 (1991): 18-34.
FILMOGRAPHY
CAPITAL SINS . Economic and social conditions of contemporary Brazil, 1993. 56 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
MIRACLES ARE NOT ENOUGH. Changing role of religion and the Catholic Church in Brazil, 1993. 56 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
AMAZON. Discovery, sugar and rubber plantations and forest utility, 1991. 52 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
AMAZON: LAND OF THE FLOODED FOREST. Natural landscapes of the Amazon, wildlife, fish and flora, 1990. 60 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
BAHIA; AFRICA IN THE AMERICAS. African culture in Bahia, Brazil, music, dance, art, food, and Candomble religion, 1988. 58 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
BRAZIL: THE GATHERING MILLIONS. Population problems, urban growth, rapid decrease of rural population, 1965. B/W. 30 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
CONTINENT CRUCIFIED: BRAZIL. The divided Catholic Church in national politics, focus on slums of Sao Paulo. 1985. 30 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
EMERGING POWERS: BRAZIL. Brazil 's Changing economy. 1996. 57 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
QUILOMBO. Story of a runaway black slave in Brazil. 1984. 119 min. Source: FACDIS CATALOG.
COFFEE: A SACK FULL OF POWER. Difference between the Brazilian and Costa Rican system of production, labor problems in Brazil. 52 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40th St. New York, NY 10016.
CHILDREN OF RIO. Problems with abandoned children in Rio de Janeiro. 1995. 48 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40 th St., New York, NY 10016.
AMAZON JOURNAL. Political events in modern Yanomami territory of the Amazon. 1994. 58 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40th St., New York, NY 10016.
AT THE EDGE OF CONQUEST: THE JOURNEY OF CHIEF WAI-WAI . Story of the famous chief's travel to the modern world. 1994. 28 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40th St., New York, NY.
CONTACT: THE YANOMAMI INDIANS OF BRAZIL. Human contact with the last stone age-like people of the Amazon. 1990. 28 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40th St., New York, NY 10016.
HALTING THE FIRES. A socio/political framework of the devastation of the Amazon. 1991. 52 min. Source: Filmakers Library, 124 E. 40th St., New York NY 10016.